IT Strategy and the Overall Business Strategy Essay

I-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction Business strategies were basically developed as weapons in the competition. However, with the rapid change in business environment, competition roles have changed forcing companies to redefine their way in order to compete. With the evolved role of IT, organizations started to think to use IT as a strategic weapon either as a competitive advantage or even as an enabler for growth. However, unfortunately IT solely was not enough to take that role. So, organizations needed to rethink and reinvent new management or business best practices in order to maximize the obtained IT value. As a result, organizations adopted best practices such as IT business alignment to align IT with their business strategic goals in order to survive and succeed in the competition. The aim of this paper is to determine whether an IT strategy focused on maintaining a cutting-edge position is the most effective way to support any kind of overall business strategy or not. The main hypotheses of the research are that (1) IT strategy focused on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position isn’t enough (or isn’t the most effective way) to support the overall business strategy because (2) it has to be aligned with the overall business strategy. The paper first of all defines the term â€Å"IT business alignment†, then analyzes the current situation, and finally it ends with a conclusion. II-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definitions Before analyzing the current situation, it is necessary to define an important term such as â€Å"IT Business Alignment†. Tapia, R. S. (2006) gives a simple straight-to-the-point definition for the term ‘IT Business alignment’ â€Å"the problem of matching services offered by IT with the requirements of the business†. (p.1) III-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Situation Analysis In order to test the research hypotheses or to prove that an IT strategy focused on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position is not the most effective way to support any kind of overall business strategy, this section will analyze the current situation of IT projects and the relationship with their business strategic goals and requirement. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IT projects fail to deliver a value Research showed that the gap between IT and business strategic goals still significantly exists. A significant percentage of IT projects fail to deliver a value as shown in figure (1). According to Needmuchwala, A. A., [2008], â€Å"41% of IT projects failed to deliver the expected value†. And he presented another interesting fact such as: â€Å"more than  ¼ of IT projects were canceled† (p.3) not to mention that â€Å"only 11% of organizations consider technology as a strategic weapon† (p.3) Figure (1): Failure types of IT projects (Sample size: 800 IT managers in 8 countries) Source: Dynamic Markets Limited (2007). IT Projects: Experience certainty (cited in Needmuchwala, A. A., [2008]. Evolving IT from ‘Running the Business’ to ‘Changing the Business†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another survey conducted by Shpilberg, D. & Berez, S. & Puryear, R. & Shah, A. (2007) showed that a hug percentage of IT projects (three-quarters of companies as shown in figure: 2) â€Å"failed to deliver as expected and drifted in the ‘maintenance zone’ where IT projects were disconnected from the overall strategic goals and objectives’. (p.52) Whereas the 11% companies in the alignment trap shown in this survey even failed to deliver results on time or on budget and spent 13% more than the average and had 14% lower revenue growth.† (p.52) Figure (2): IT alignment Survey results (Sample size: more than 500 senior and IT executives worldwide) Source: Shpilberg, D. & Berez, S. & Puryear, R. & Shah, A. (2007). Avoiding the Alignment Trap in Information Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now, the current situation tells us that IT strategies focused only on maintaining cutting-edge technology position, away from business strategy, are not the effective way to support the overall business strategy. Another way to prove that is to prove that the strategic alignment between IT strategy and business strategy is the effective way to support the overall business strategy and to deliver a business value. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IT Business alignment proved to deliver value 2.1 The Need for Strategic Alignment Before mentioning any facts about IT business alignment, Figure (3) shows levels of relationship between IT and business strategy and the value offered in each alignment level. These development stages were suggested by Wyatt-Haines, R. (2007) and are chosen here to explain the necessity of the engagement between IT and business strategy. Facts show that â€Å"many IT functions fail to deliver even at the first basic level ‘following the business’† (Wyatt-Haines, R., 2007, p.6) and this is obviously happens when IT simply fails to understand ‘business needs’ or in another word, the basic engagement with business strategy. Figure (3): Levels of Relationship Between IT and Business Strategy Relationship with business IT Development Stages (Levels of Alignment) 1. Following 2. Enabling 3. Leading Goals/Functions of IT in each development stage/ alignment level Reacts to business needs Maximizing value  Ã‚   predicting, resourcing priorities    Extremely aligned, a key player in leading thinking and planning Relationship with business strategy    Understanding of business needs Understanding of business strategy Understanding of business environment Business Results/Value (Alignment Impact) Delivering value Strategic success Creating strategic opportunities    Source: Development Stages (Following-Enabling-Leading) were adopted from: Wyatt-Haines, R. (2007). Leadership Impact Through IT    Also, Jahnke, A. (2004) assured that â€Å"the full participation and engagement of the business is the only guarantee to turn IT capabilities into business benefits†. So, the strategic alignment in this case is considered to be a necessity not a luxury. Now, after realizing the fact that IT alignment is a necessity to obtain a business value, it’s time to analyze the IT business alignment current situation. First of all, research findings showed that â€Å"management practices such as strategic alignment contributes to higher levels of IT business value†. (Tallon, P. P. & Kraemer, K. L. & Gurbaxani, V., 2001, p.1: Sample size: 304 business executives worldwide). Also, according to CIO update (2004), â€Å"96% of IT executives predict a positive impact of aligning IT strategy with the corporate strategy†. (As shown in figure: 4) 2.2 The ROI or the value of the Alignment To make sure that IT business alignment is an effective way to support the business strategy, this section also will focus on the situation of the successfully aligned companies to make sure that the strategic alignment enables companies to obtain a value or ROI. First, Holmes, A. (2007) found these companies who succeeded in aligning IT with the business strategy generated â€Å"a new revenue stream more than twice as often as other companies who said they were not aligned†. Figure (4): IT alignment survey results (Impact and Challenges) Source: CIO update (2004). Aligning IT & Business Strategies Still Elusive Also, the survey –mentioned before- conducted by Shpilberg, D. & Berez, S. & Puryear, R. & Shah, A. (2007) showed that the successfully highly aligned highly effective companies (7% of respondents as shown in figure 2) â€Å"recorded a compound annual growth rate –over three years- 35% higher than the survey average†. (p.53) These companies successfully -as the authors described them- â€Å"have put IT where it belongs ‘at the heart of the business processes’ that define organization’s position in business environment or the marketplace†. (p.58) So, IT in these companies didn’t focus on the cutting-edge technology position but it focused on how to support the business strategic position by aligning IT strategy with the overall business strategy. IV-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion Now, after analyzing the current situation of IT projects, it is obvious that an IT strategy focused only on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position is not enough (or not the most effective way) to support any kind of overall business strategy, because facts say that IT disconnected and isolated strategies failed to support business overall strategies and even became a heavy burden on their organizations. On the other hand, aligned IT strategies proved to deliver a value and this value differs and are maximized depending on the engagement level with business strategy. In another word, the first success factor is to strategically align IT with the business goals and requirements meaning to support the business strategic position and not the cutting-edge technology position. Finally –upon these findings- the crime –as described by Jahnke, A. (2004) is the lack of alignment because â€Å"the lack of alignment represents a waste of money, a waste of effort, and wasted opportunities.† References CIO update (2004). Aligning IT & Business Strategies Still Elusive. CIO. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.cioupdate.com/insights/article.php/3328551 Holmes, A. (2007). The ROI of Alignment. CIO. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.cio.com/article/27969/The_ROI_of_Alignment/ Jahnke, A. (2004). Why is Business-IT alignment So Difficult?. CIO. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.cio.com/article/32322 Needmuchwala, A. A. [2008]. Evolving IT from ‘Running the Business’ to ‘Changing the Business†. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White%20Papers/DEWP_05.pdf Shpilberg, D. & Berez, S. & Puryear, R. & Shah, A. (2007). Avoiding the Alignment Trap in Information Technology. MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2007, 49(1) pp. 51-58. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/wsj/insight/pdfs/49102.pdf Tallon, P. P. & Kraemer, K. L. & Gurbaxani, V. (2001). Executives’ Perceptions of the Business Value of Information Technology: A process-oriented approach. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16(4), 145-174. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=crito Tapia, R. S. (2006). A Value-Based Maturity Model for IT Alignment in Networked Businesses, Netherlands. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/2778/01/Subprojectproposal.pdf Wyatt-Haines, R. (2007), Leadership Impact Through IT, Business Leadership Review IV:IV, October 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from  Ã‚   http://mbaguide.mbaworld.com/downloadblrarticle/1047/index.htm

Athenian Acropolis Paper

The Athenian Acropolis could be considered the most representative of the Greek Acropolis. The Athenian Acropolis is located on the top of a mountain and it was used as a defense and as a site of the main places of worship. The entrance to the Acropolis is a gate called Propylaia performed by the architect Mnesikles. At the front right side of the Propylaia, there is an Ionic building named the Temple of the Athena Nike designed by Kallikrates. A great statue of Athena created by Phidias, was originally stood in the center.To the right of where this sculpture was, there is the Parthenon. The architects that carried out this building were Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon is a Doric temple, which was designed with slight corrections in order to counteract the optical effects of perspective; therefore, all apparently straight lines were actually slightly sculpted curves in order to create harmony. To the left and at the end of the Acropolis, it is the Erechtheion, which is an Ioni c temple and it has a platform supported by six caryatids.Elgin was a British ambassador in Constantinople, he had the idea to take all the monuments of the Parthenon sculptures and take them to his country. As ambassador, he received some papers from the Ottoman sultan to take some pieces from the floor of the Acropolis. Elgin took most of the sculptural decoration of the monuments, columns, and hundreds of pieces and moved to England, and then he sold them to the British Museum where they are still displayed. The Elgin Marbles must return to Athens. Athens was attacked by the Persian soldiers.The Athenians had to leave the city. Later the Athenians defeated the Persians, but Athens was on ruins and it had to be rebuilt. The man in charge about the reconstruction was Pericles. He reunited the better architects, sculptors and artisans and they rebuilt the city. The Propylaia is the entrance to the Acropolis. It was built on 437—432 BCE. The architect in charge of this buildin g was Mnesikles. The centerpiece of the Propylaia has six Doric columns on the fronts, and inside there are two halls separated by a wall with several doors.On each side, two terraces with gates gave access to the interior rooms. One of this terraces displayed pictures from that time. It was built with pentelic marble. The temple of Athena Nike was built on 427—424 BCE. The project was commissioned to Kallikrates, an architect who also worked in the construction of the Parthenon. It is made by Pentelic marble. On both fronts have four Ionic columns of limited height. Among its decorations, it had beautiful sculptures carved on it, and especially a frieze decorated with reliefs representing the fight of the Athenians against the Persians.Something that stands was a relief of Athena holding her sandal. These sculptures are made with great delicacy and elegance of the clothes. The Parthenon was built on 447—438 BCE. The architects of this building were Iktinos and Kallikr ates. It is a Doric temple. It consisted of eight columns on its two main facades and seventeen on the sides surrounding the entire temple. The front of the west represents the fight of Athena and Poseidon to get the patronage of the city. The frieze shows the representation of the Panathenaic procession, the most important religious festival in Athens.The scene is along the four sides of the building and includes figures of gods, beasts and about three hundred and sixty people. The Parthenon had the great statue of the goddess Athena Parthenos, who made Phidias. It was 38-foot-tall and made with gold and savory. The Erechteion is an Ionic temple. It was built on 421—405 BCE. The Erechteion is on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens in honor of Athena and Poseidon. This temple is the achievement of an asymmetric building, with a complex floor that consists of three sections dedicated to different gods.The main porch has six columns on its front, with its interior divide d into different zones, a statue of Athena carved in wood was here. The second part corresponds to the north porch, which was decorated with four columns in front and two on the sides. On the left are three holes, which according to mythology, they were made by Poseidon's trident. The south porch of the Caryatids is a small gallery of great beauty because of the sacred statues that serve as columns. The Caryatids are supporting the architrave. Those that are on the Erechteion right now are copies of the originals.The originals are in the Acropolis Museum and the British Museum. Some of the arguments about the Parthenon Marbles should return to Greece are that the marbles belong to the Parthenon which is a universal monument and not only belong to Greece. If all the pieces return to Greece, historians would be able to analyze better the Parthenon and they could come up with conclusions or discover new things if it is appreciated as a whole. Another argument is that Elgin did not have the permit to take pieces from the Parthenon, he just had permit to take a few pieces from the floor.The Parthenon Marbles are not the principal attraction in the British Museum, in the other hand if they return to Athens, tourists, historians and the Greeks can observe and analyze them in a better way. Some sculptures were sculpted in order to keep them white but this caused damage to the sculptures because the original paint was removed. One of the arguments why the British Museum does not want to return the pieces is due to Pollution, but now Athens has a museum next to the Parthenon which it is acclimated in order to prevent damage to the Marbles.At the British Museum, there are amounts of other treasures, and the Parthenon Marbles are unique in the world that is why they should be returned to Greece, because they are part of its history and heritage. On the other hand about this debate, there are also arguments about why the Parthenon Marbles should stay in the British Museum. One of the arguments by which the Parthenon Marbles should stay at the British Museum is that it is the most visited museum in the world and has no cost.People already know that the Parthenon Marbles are at the British Museum, they have been there for years, therefore; they are already an important collection of the Museum. Some experts say that the Parthenon Marbles should be returned. But others say they are safer in museums in other countries. In the case of the Parthenon Marbles, for example, experts claim that they are protected from pollution in Athens. If the museum returns the Parthenon Marbles a global war can begin and countries can start claiming their treasures.The Parthenon Marbles have been at the British Museum by years in a good condition, if they return to Athens can be damaged during the transfer. Greece must be grateful to the British Museum for taking care of these marbles and should stay at the British Museum for standing there too many years. That is why the P arthenon Marbles should stay at the British Museum. I think what it really a matter is where the marbles are. The Parthenon Marbles were created as an integral part of the temple.I am studying Travel and Tourism, and I know that when people travel or go to museums, they like to see and enjoy the complete exhibition, not only a few parts of the exhibition or collection. That’s why I think the Parthenon Marbles should be in their original place which is Greece. The marbles are not the principal attraction in the British Museum, they should be in their original place so that tourists can appreciate the entire collection. The Parthenon Marbles are a symbol of Greece culture and they should be to the place that they belong.

National Health Care Spending Essay

Introduction Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations. Accordingly, the US Census Bureau (2010) reported that health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses. While sixty-two percent of hospitals are non-profit, 20% are government owned, and 18% are for-profit. Furthermore, 60–65% of healthcare provision and spending comes from programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration. Most of the population under 67 is either insured by themselves or a family member’s employer, buy health insurance on their own, and the remainder are uninsured. Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government. Still, the United States has a life expectancy of 78.4 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990, and is ranked 50th among 221 nations, and 27th out of the 34 industrialized countries, down from 20th in 1990. Of 17 high-income countries studied by the National Institutes of Health in 2013, the United States had the highest or near-highest prevalence of infant mortality, heart and lung disease, sexually transmitted infections, adolescent pregnancies, injuries, homicides, and disability. Together, such issues place the U.S. at the bottom of the list for life expectancy. On average, a U.S. male can be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in the top-ranked country (NIH, 2013). Thesis Statement As dismal as the statistics are, in recent years, policy makers as well as leading economists have focused a considerable amount of attention on  aggregate spending increases in health care and how health care spending impacts the United States economy. Thereby, specific emphasis has been given to identifying and examining distinctive factors that have contributed to spending growth, and proposing solutions for reduction. Seemingly, factors that have contributed to spending growth encompass changes in health care utilization, population demographics, price inflation, and advances in medical technology. Thus, as more and more advanced scientific technology is developed the costs associated with providing quality health care increases. With that said, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States spent more on health care per capita ($8,608), and more on health care as percentage of its GDP (17.2%), than any other nation in 2011. Yet, the United States ranked last in the quality of health care among similar countries, and notes United States care costs the most. Similarly, in a 2013 Bloomberg ranking of nations with the most efficient health care systems, the United States ranks 46th among the 48 countries included in the study. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that 49.9 million residents, 16.3% of the population, were uninsured in 2010 (up from 49.0 million residents, 16.1% of the population, in 2009). In addition, a 2004 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report said: â€Å"The United States is among the few industrialized nations in the world that does not guarantee access to health care for its population.† Further, â€Å"with the exception of Mexico, Turkey, and the United States, all of the other countries had achieved universal or near-universal (at least 98.4% insured) coverage of their populations by 1990;† and recent evidence demonstrates that lack of health insurance causes some 45,000 to 48,000 unnecessary deaths every year in the United States. In 2007, 62.1% of filers for bankruptcies claimed high medical expenses, and 25% of all senior citizens declare bankruptcy due to medical expenses, and 43% are forced to mortgage or sell their primary residence. On March 23, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) became law, providing for major changes in health insurance. The medical system has been forced to change normal procedures to meet federal regulations. The law includes a large number of health-related provisions  to take effect over the next four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133% of FPL, subsidizing insurance premiums for peoples making up to 400% of FPL ($88,000 for family of 4) so their maximum â€Å"out-of-pocket† pay will be from 2% to 9.8% of income for annual premium, providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual spending caps and support for medical research. The costs of these provisions are offset by a variety of taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies; there is also a tax penalty for citizens who do not obtain health insurance (unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons). The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the net effect (including the reconciliation act) will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade. Conclusion In conclusion, in contrast to the argument that rising health care spending at the Federal and State level decreases economic growth, and employee health care costs decreases job growth, a reasonable argument, could also be made that rising health care spending has important benefits, often outweighing the increased costs. I submit that improvements in quality may produce a cause and effect whereby, the cost of medical care is decreased. Subsequently, increased health care spending improves increases in access to new technologies, providing both new options of treatment and treatment for a greater number of individuals; which provides for healthier employees. Moreover, health care spending growth is more likely to create health care jobs, increases wages for health care workers, expands local tax revenues, and increases demand for related goods and services. We, as Americans, profess to be the richest, strongest, and greatest country, yet we stand by and watch homeless citizens sleeping on the streets, children going to bed at night hungry, and citizens dying because they lack health insurance. The Affordable Care Act is a good start, however we must keep legislators who oppose the bill from chipping away at it. Health care should be a human  right, not a privilege. For example, in May 2011, the state of Vermont became the first state to pass legislation establishing a Single-Payer health care system. The legislation, known as Act 48, establishes health care in the state as a â€Å"human right† and lays the responsibility on the state to provide a health care system which best meets the needs of the citizens of Vermont. The state is currently in the studying phase of how best to implement this system. Of the 26.2 million foreign immigrants living in the US in 1998, 62.9% were non-U.S. citizens. In 1997, 34.3% of non-U.S. citizens living in America did not have health insurance coverage as opposed to the 14.2% of native-born Americans who do not have health insurance coverage. Among those immigrants who became citizens, 18.5% were uninsured, as opposed to noncitizens, who are 43.6% uninsured. In each age and income group, immigrants are less likely to have health insurance. With the recent healthcare changes, many legal immigrants with various immigration statuses now are able to qualify for affordable health insurance. We need to push for more. The cost for individuals that use emergency rooms as port of entry to medical care far exceeds obtaining a primary care provider. References Institute of Medicine (2004). Retrieved from http://.www.institutesofmedicine, May 09, 2014. National Institute of Health (2013). Retrieved from http://.www.nationalinstituteofhealth, May 10, 2014. U. S. Census Bureau (2010). Retrieved from http://.www.uscensusbureau, May 10, 2014. World Health Organization (2014). Retrieved from http://.www.worldhealthorganization, May 10, 2014. www.healthcare.gov (2014). Retrieved from http://.www.healthcare.gov. May 10, 2014

Gore & Associates case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gore & Associates case - Research Paper Example In this case, the organization is divided into decision-making entities and affording them powers to undertake routine forms of decisions with respect to the operations of those entities (Grindle, 2007). This paper will look into the W. L. Gore & Associates radical approach of devolving decision making to the lowest levels of its organization. In decentralization, methodical efforts are made to give power to subordinate levels. The delegation of power in decentralization is not from one person to another but to each entity in an establishment (Grindle, 2007). An organization is deemed extremely decentralized, when entrustment is company-wide within all divisions and functions. Decentralization differ from centralization since in centralization, decision-making power rests on one individual only. Additionally, centralization is a type of traditional supervision in India whereas decentralization is a standard practice in professional management (Burton & Obel, 1995). Everything, which attempts to upsurge the significance of subordinate’s duties is decentralization and everything, which reduces it is centralization (Burton & Obel, 1995). ... Therefore, devolution with respect to office may comprise departmentation of operations. When power is dispersed, devolution is present (Burton & Obel, 1995). The requirement for devolution is manipulated when the company develops in its scope, which demands broadening of office operations. Devolution ensues during decision formulating of routine kind but if verdicts are crucial, the power is not dispersed (Burton & Obel, 1995). The political factors technological development and accessibility of administrators also influence the extent of devolution. Devolution does not occur in its wholesome sense. There exists a combination of the two since some operations are integrated and some are devolved (Grindle, 2007). What are the strengths of this approach? Decentralization aids to enhance the quality of decision-making at top-level management. Decentralization of power among subordinates at each level within a firm releases the top management the excessive responsibilities saving them ti me to devote to more crucial and long-term glitches (Burton & Obel, 1995). This enhances the quality of top management decisions with respect to such problems. Devolution, therefore, provides top managers with chances of looking into other new methods of improving their companies by engaging in managerial forums (Grindle, 2007). The approach of devolving power to the lower levels in an organization accelerates diversification of operations in an organization. It is a subject of common knowledge that a company with departments upon the footing of its products accelerates diversification of market or products even when the power is centralized. Decentralization takes this procedure a footstep further.

Rewriting Pension History. Some big firms move to recognize Gain or Case Study

Rewriting Pension History. Some big firms move to recognize Gain or loss in the year they occur - Case Study Example Instead, these companies would now take into account such gain as well as losses in the corresponding year of their incurrence. The mentioned companies did so, in order to make their income look superior in the upcoming years. The companies claim that the change would make their income reporting additionally transparent and that the prevalent low rate of interest made this a suitable point in time for the change in practice. The change in the practice is on the face of the criticisms for the fact that the present accounting rule can have a considerable impact on the income of the companies for years. The current accounting system concerning the pension assets are very ambiguous and do not provide any information to an investor about the gains or losses in the pension assets in a particular year. The actual gain or loss of a particular year is significantly affected due to the distribution of the previous years’ gain or loss values over a period of time. This practice propagated by Financial Accounting Standards Board does not comply with the matching principle either.  For instance, Honeywell, AT&T and Verizon had huge values of unrecognized losses as on 2009, viz. 55%, 49% and 43% of the pension assets respectively. The non-recognition of these losses on the income statement of 2009 would have an impact on the actual earnings of the companies in the coming years. Though these companies consider the latest mark-to-market strategy to be preferable due to its simplicity, the anticipated rise in the interest rates could also help their pension plans. The high rate of inter ests would lower the value of the companies’ future pension obligations due to the discounting effect. The reduced pension obligation would result in lowered interest expense to be paid by the companies and hence enhance the performance of the pension assets and lead to superior earnings. However, this change involves potential risk for the shareholders of the

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Response - Assignment Example Through twitter, facebook and other social media, people can post statements and share updates or reports where others could react, reject or affirm. In twitter, subscriber can use hashtags to immediately associate their thoughts with the rest of the community discussing the same. Any life-changing or historical event from other country can easily gain sympathy and reaction from the other part of the world when this is shared on social network. Mark Pfeifle, former national-security adviser, was right in his observation that without twitter, the people of Iran would not feel empowered to stand for freedom and democracy (Gladwell,, 2010). K. Glassman, a former senior State Department official expressed, facebook provide leverage for US-based security management (Gladwell,, 2010). But this is not just about security matter. The social network is larger than that. It bridge nations and hasten family communications, especially those who are working offshore. It also provides easy access of views for tourism sites and thus, provides interactive options where people could choose sites to visit in other parts of the world. It also bridge you to networks of people who are constantly involved in the study of society and the universe, hence, nurture such personal connection to civil rights movement and about the changes happening in the solar system. Indeed, it is a great source of information and a tool for enhancing participation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and of business expansion. The world now is just within the peoples fingertips. Thoughts and decision-makings, political or otherwise, can be sense and felt in just a click. The online social network can end discrimination, too. Gladwell, M. Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. Annals of Innovation, New Yorker, Conde Naste, California, 4 October 2010. Web. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell Accessed: 12.December

Professional Development IP 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Development IP 5 - Research Paper Example From the three strengths, you would also choose one of the strengths that you elaborate more about from your previous workplace, and it should be related to the current position that you are seeking. While answering such a question you should demonstrate a high level; of confidence so as to convince the panel that you are the most-suitable candidate and that you deserve that job (Stein, 2003). Another question that you should be prepared to answer is why you would wish to leave your current workplace? The response to this question should be very brief. The respondent should not create a poor picture of the previous employment and show that the move was a personal decision. Honesty plays an important role since your new employer can contact your previous place of work. In some cases, the respondent can also be asked of the salary he/she expects.it is important that the respondent has information about the market value of the target position. The respondent can quote the salary received in the previous place of work and give a figure within the same range if selected. If not stated in the advertisement, you can quote a salary that is up to 20% higher. In some cases, the question of competencies may arise. Due to the constantly changing market the key factors that should be evident in the answer should include flexibility that will allow shifting from one the specified duties to another or from one team to another. Adaptability is key here where you should be able fit to a new environment and work in many departments within the company. The interviewee should also demonstrate high problem-solving skills so as to be able to solve emerging challenges in the course of duty. The ability and willingness to learn should also be brought out as employees will be required to attend workshops and seminars frequently. Some interviewers may ask about your previous accomplishments. In such a question, you would give the most-challenging circumstances that you encountered in

Impact of Globalisation on the Cultural Environment of Business Essay

Impact of Globalisation on the Cultural Environment of Business - Essay Example It involves distribution of the services and the goods in the global marketplace. Globalisation also reduces the trade barriers such as, import quotas, tariffs and export fees among others. Globalisation includes the transfer of required skills, knowledge, methodology and labour. Globalisation creates a significant impact on the business environment of every economy. The impact of globalisation can be either positive or negative. Globalisation specially puts its impact on the culture of an organisation. The positive impacts can be termed as increased employment while the negative impact of globalisation on businesses can be identified as fierce monopolistic competition. It also helps to share the ‘technical know-how’, the spread of culture and education and the ethical-legal effects. Globalisation also raises various challenges for an organisation such as increased rate of operational costs, the increased rate of slavery and child labour, increased rate of terrorism all over the world. Globalisation has significantly influenced the famous multinational company of US, Microsoft. A publication report of Oxford University Press has stated that, â€Å"the events in one corner of the globe can have a major impact on others, sometimes good, sometimes bad† (Oxford University Press, 2011). Microsoft, the famous multinational company of United States of America is engaged with providing Information Technology based services to global consumers. It also possesses patent rights for manufacturing various kinds of computing products with the help of multiple divisions of production scatted all around the world. Microsoft deals in the division of the online search engines services such as Bing, Skype and also in the interactive entertainment business segment. Microsoft also serves their customers with ‘Microsoft business solutions’, ‘Windows phone division’, Windows & Windows live division’ and ‘Microsoft office divi sion’ among others (Oxford University Press, 2011). The major objective of the study is to highlight the impact of globalisation on the cultural environment of the business in the USA. The paper would involve the renowned multinational company, Microsoft to analyse and to evaluate the various theories and factors of the impact of globalisation on the business culture. The study would also involve a conclusion for the overall discussion. Findings Theoretical Framework of the Analysis Globalisation is one of the most important and popular trends in business at present times. Globalisation involves the process of sharing of knowledge, skills, education, labour, economy and social-political environment. There are certain positive and negative effects of globalisation in every organisation which are globally connected. The culture of a business considers the personal traits, different languages, races, religions among others in their approach to globalised business. The various po sitive effects of globalisation consist of factors like increased competition. These factors influence the companies to perform better and to produce quality goods due to the competition among them. These factors also focus on the satisfaction of the customers and to produce improved services and goods quality. The other positive effect of globalisation is in relation to employment. Due to the globalisation the companies are trying to be more efficient and goal oriented with effective skills, labour, and improved potential. According to Wright, â€Å"more demanding skills are needed, especially with the growth in the need for so-called knowledge workers†

Assessment Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Interviews - Essay Example After your initial meeting, add any notes of referrals, partnerships with other agencies, counselors or probation officers you may need to assist this client. The client may be working with many therapists, depending on the situation, and you will need to provide information accordingly, and receive pertinent client behavioral assessment from these departments as well. Before arriving at a correctional facility, many people have interviewed, researched, and assessed the client/prisoner in order to determine counseling needs, safety precautions, and personnel management once inside. Each facility determines their own assessment and what information they need for each person; however, most use similar categories for their intake. The categories are crime/offense; security risk; physical and mental health issues including suicide watch, if applicable; and substance abuse or addiction. If substance abuse or addiction is part of the client's intake, they bypass normal integration into general correctional facility population and placed near medical personnel to go through detoxification. Once the withdrawal process completes, counseling is assigned and sessions with substance abuser/support groups. One thing that surprised me about the intake process was the educational information taken - each prisoner assessed for level of comprehension, reading ability, and learning skills. Learning abilities affects how the guards and counseling speak to them, how they explain activities, procedures, and standards. If the client/prisoner is at a low reading and comprehension level, they will not be able to understand larger words and may get confused easily. It is imperative to get the social circle and support people of each prisoner, such as family, friends, and intimate relationship partners. The client may have visits from certain people who affect them specific ways, and it is needed to know who they are in order to determine an action plan in counseling. DSM-IV Mental Disorder Definition The Diagnostic Statistic Manual IV (DSM-IV) defines mental disorder as a "significantly behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress, such as pain, or disability of one or more areas of functioning, or with a significantly increased risk or suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom4". In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not merely be an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event like the death of a loved one. Whatever the symptom's original cause, the persistent and intensity of the manifestation of a behavioral, psychological or biological dysfunction is required in order to classify it as a mental disorder. In addition, while mental disorders explained in the DSM-IV, diagnoses are generalized and categorized based on symptoms. There is a misconception of using the DSM-IV to

Main Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility Term Paper - 29

Main Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility - Term Paper Example CSR was first heard in the 1960s. At that moment very few organizations were involved in corporate social responsibility. This was the fact, CSR is a voluntary thing that only companies that want to be involved can. However, as time passed more business organizations started adapting CSR practices including CSR reporting. This is necessitated by the growth of sensitivity toward organizational social responsibility among consumers all over the world.  The principle of legal compliance: this is the principle that expects all business organizations to comply with and understand international, local, declared, written, and effected laws and regulations that are applicable in their scenario. This kind of compliance and understanding should be according to specific procedures. This implies that companies should avoid involvement in any practices that are half compliant to the requirements stated by this principle.  The Principle of Adhering to Customary International Laws: this princip le expects business organizations to governmental and international agreements, declarations, executive regulations, covenants, guidelines and decisions in the process of formulating their CSR practices and activities. A company should make sure that their policies and practices are not conflicting with any of the factors that have been discussed herein.  A policy of showing respect to related stakeholders lefts: according to this principle, companies are expected to accept and acknowledge the diversity that relates to stakeholders’ interests and lefts. Companies are also expected to accept and acknowledge the diversity that is likely to exist in their main and minor practices and products. This consideration should also include elements of business existence that might be of an effect of their stakeholders.

Summarize and Critics on Torah (Pentateuch) Essay - 1

Summarize and Critics on Torah (Pentateuch) - Essay Example of the Torah, along with some other perspectives, and allows us to take a step back from blind faith in order to better understand how, most likely, the Torah came to be. Source criticism assumes human, rather than divine, authorship of the text, and further uses modern kinds of literary research to establish that the Five Books of Moses were cobbled together from four major bodies of knowledge or traditions. Friedman does not spend much time dealing with the obviously oral origins of the words, but instead bases his reading on textual elements, from which scholars are able to tease apart the contributions of four separate writers and to hypothesize the literary steps taken by the editor who combined all four into a single, coherent, and cohesive document. Friedman reports on ten disparate categories through which we can discern the four authors: doublets, terminology, contradictions, consistent characteristics, narrative flow, historical referents, linguistic classifications, relationships among sources, references in other parts of the bible, and editorial marks. Doublets refer to â€Å"cases of two variations of the same story in the Pentateuch† (Friedman, 1992, p. 609). This essay refers to twenty-seven different places in the Torah where the same story has been told in slightly different ways, for instance, the order of creation in Genesis, which is presented differently in 1:1-2:3 than in 2:4-25. There are even examples of triplets, three versions of the same story. The second category, terminology, refers to different names being used, especially for God. This is most important because, â€Å"these differences of terminology fall consistently into one or another group of doublets† (Friedman, 1992, p. 610). One set will always use the term â€Å"God† while the other will always use â€Å"Yahweh,† suggesting two different authors with two different ways of talking about the deity. For scholars, this is the key to determining the number of different authors,

Essay on Tension Essay Example for Free

Essay on Tension Essay The Turn of the Screw, which was written in the late nineteenth century, is acclaimed by critics for the build up of tension and the suspenseful atmosphere that its author, Henry James, creates throughout the novella. James achieves this by exploiting several characters and features of the book. James manipulates the prologue of the novella by creating a group of listeners who are in anticipation for the story; furthermore the character who narrates the story is not immediately able to retrieve the manuscript, this deliberate slow down of tempo, builds suspense preceding the tale and it prepares the reader for a thrilling story. The setting of the novella is also used to build atmosphere, a technique that James regularly employs is contrasting a moment of tranquil with one of danger. This produces a sharp difference and thus makes the scene of peril seem even more suspenseful. The ghosts of Quint and Jessel are perhaps the largest contributors to the atmosphere and tension within the novel; James uses both ghosts to create a threat to the children which causes tremendous tension and it is the central plot in the book. The children themselves are also manipulated by James to create atmosphere, their behaviour is continually reiterated as perfect and virtuous to such an extent that the reader is almost persuaded to think that their is something not quite natural about them. James uses the prologue to introduce the story and also to create a suspenseful atmosphere about what is to follow. During the prologue there are a group of guests who James uses to create tension. These listeners evidently enjoy listening to stories, especially if they involve ghosts and horror. sufficiently breathless, no comment was uttered are phrases which are used to describe their attitude towards the stories, clearly conveying the interest and avidness that the guests and frame narrator have for the stories being told. The listeners create an atmosphere of eagerness for the story which is very effective since James readers might also imitate this feeling. The character of Douglas plays a pivotal to the build up of tension in the prologue. Upon the first mention of his story, he plays on the emotions of the listeners by continually reiterating how horrifying and terrible the story that he has all of them waiting in anticipation for is. It is quite too horrible, nothing at all that I know touches it; Douglas is gradually building up the suspense before his story by mentioning how horrible it is, this feeling of impending disaster that the other guests wait in buoyant expectancy for, before knowing the full details of the story adds to an atmosphere of suspense. The combined facts that the manuscript has to be sent for and further compounded by the knowledge that is locked away also contributes to the same effect, the prolonged wait for the manuscript adds to a feeling of avidness for the story and also the fact that it is locked away has cryptive connotations which suggest that its contents are so terrible that it must be kept away from the world. By now it seems that Douglas appears to have his listeners transfixed upon him and have necessity to listen to his story. The interjection, oh how delicious which was cried by one of the women present; the term delicious possibly infers a feeling which is almost desperation for the story. Likewise the way, in which the audience gives a unanimous groan, when the telling of the tale is delayed suggests that they long to hear the story. This deliberate slow down, builds up the tension to what the audience and reader are prepared for a gruelling tale. The gradual build up of suspense through the prologue preludes the main story, in order to exemplify an atmosphere of anticipation and dread of what is to follow. James now uses the setting of the novella to create tension. He allows us to see into the Governess mind and we, like her anticipate Bly to be a place of dread since she had expected something so melancholy. It is usual for one to expect that a large country estate which is the setting of a ghost story will be isolated, old and gothic. James cleverly manipulates our assumptions to create an atmosphere of tension. Instead of the gothic building that we expect, we are introduced to something much more pleasant; the Governess upon her arrival is surprised and delighted at what she sees what greeted me was a good surprise I remember as a most pleasant impression. This peaceful setting lulls the reader into a false sense of security, however at the back of our minds is the idea from the prologue that the story will be horrifying which makes the reader suspicious of the circumstances surrounding the following events; thus creating an atmosphere of tension. This same technique is used before the introduction of Peter Quint. In the pages preceding his apparition there is a vivid description of an idyllic setting such as the beauty and dignity of the place golden sky. James does this in order to produce a sharp contrast when the ghost appears, making the emergence of the ghost more of a shock and therefore more terrifying for his audience. With the ghost of Peter Quint now firmly entrenched within the story, James uses him as a key contributor for creating an atmosphere of tension. James uses Miss Groses detestable presentation of Quint while he was alive in order to create tension. She describes him as Impudent and depraved, spoiled, these quotations give a negative impression of Quint and portray him as an antagonist. However perhaps worst of all he is also related by Grose as clever and deep, exemplifying him as calculating and sinister. Because of his negative introduction the reader is therefore continually persuaded to think of Quint as a dangerous to the children. Upon each appearance Quint is seen closer to the Governess and hence successively more threatening and horrifying. Additionally each time Quint appears he is closer to the children, leading us to suspect that his apparitions are with some sort of intention rather than random. As a result of our perception of him as somebody dangerous and also because he is getting closer and closer to the governess, the reader feels the suspense gradually building since we see him as a threat to both the Governess and the children. The first time she sees him he is distanced at the top of a tower although still narrating the scene as stricken with death suggesting dread, horror and fear. The second time there is only a window separating them and the governess by saying A nearness that Made me catch my breath and turn cold, makes the point clear that it was the closeness that made it more fearsome. However on the third appearance which is described as the most formidable, they are adjacent to one another, it is this that made the experience so terrifying according to the governess, At such close quarters that gave the whole horror. By making Quint continually more frightful James creates tension because the reader is constantly anticipating more horrifying encounters.

Development for an Reliable Internet Service Application

Development for an Reliable Internet Service Application Reliable internet service Abstract The ultimate aim of our project is to provide the design and development for an reliable internet service application which workable on the WAP enabled wireless handheld devices like mobile phone, PDA(personal digital assistant) but mobile phone will focused mainly on this. To design a WAP application that will be usable by stock market user to receive and check related information like up-to-date stock value, stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status in the service directly from their mobile devices. This project concern the developing, testing of a WAP based system for wireless handhelds devices like mobile phone to help the stock market user while on the move for instance the user can access to internet even when they travelling from geographical location to another . the idea of this application is to consider one that in principle not only delivering that data which involves in stock market updates and reliable and securely but one will be rapidly aware the user about the market changes in real time without even in the whilst in office or home, whilst we travelling, to the demand form of communication specially whilst o the move The Stock Market system will be based on WAP architecture for mobile devices. This project will demonstrate how practical and possible will it be to use a mobile internet on the mobile phone to check the stock market value for a particular company whilst on the move. The user can have access to know the current price of the stock and it latest information At click of the button without physically present in front of the stock market office or by watching Television at the someplace. The whole project framework is aim on to Create a WAP application which based on a server side application which could be the company to join a venture with the users to input the data to form a given result. And it important to aware of the modern days application is adapted by the user to improve their capabilities. According to the research board of project believe that the user application projects are lead to failure if it not fully obtains the user demands and requirement for particular needs. The possibly good market for such system will be investigated into further develops to refine a set of clients requirement. there will be a good response for such an application in the market which intended on user who has invested a solid amount in bonds , shares and gilts , and these are all designed to make life easier in such a way it enable the use to make decision at particular time to sell and buy stock such time . Introduction Brief Stocks are considered riskier investments ,the value of a stock could at peak and drop down on the rate of the share by every time ,it completely depends on the situation of economy .for instance I am a stockholder having 500 share on a private company. Currently the value of my share is at good rate, and if I want to know what is market value of share with other company .Likewise most of the stock market holder are keen to know the latest information in real time .However it is only possible when the share holder are have a chance to watching news or log on a computer that they would be aware of the situation. Nowadays, most people on the move have at least one mobile device, a mobile phone or a PDA .so why not provides the stock market information as soon as possible directly on these mobile phones? It can be either on a push basis or pull basis .push basis a like a push message it automatically send the latest information to the user whoever subscribe to the push service , in othe r hand pull message where the user have to send a request first to get the required response. Most of the people nowadays are having mobile phone along them which would the user also can access to the internet and other communication uses. Currently the mobile phones are very cheaper and popular in the market when we comparing with other kinds of electronic device However the mobile based stock market tracking system will allow the user to check the latest information of the stock value in the market. There is good market scope for mobile communication due the feasibility and support of the communication at time. And other important of mobile internet is that a user can to be in up-to-date information on necessary thinks needed like weather, flash NEWS, email etc. This would be a viable alternative from traditional fixed internet for PCs and implementation of the mobile internet which is very convenience for us. Like Benjamin Franklin so rightly said, Forewarned is forearmed. So, on consumers point of view, yes, there is a potential need for this application. Moreover, most mobile phone network providers nowadays offer certain amount of free internet browsing on their mobile handsets each month. Users would prefer to use their free offer to check for stock information rather than dialling or texting a phone number, which are usually charged at premium rate, to get that same information. In terms of benefits for the stock exchange company, this will be an improvement of their customer service and keeping up-to-date with new technology. Staffs involved with providing information over the phone for those travellers who still feel at ease with that means, will be able to provide a better quality of service as he or she would not be under so much pressure of dealing with all the calls waiting in the queue. Moreover, staffs at the will fewer enquiries to deal with as commuters will be informed wel l in advance. As author Ben Salter and Alex Michael mentioned.Thirteen per cent of mobile subscribes reported accessing news and information via a mobile browser in June 2004. [REF1] The both author believe that current number of user accessing the mobile internet to browser will increases in feature Relevance to course Modules The product based project are really challengeable to undertake but these are possible and manageable from the modules taught over the degree few of them are very help in understanding the critical part of the project. Some of the important module are helpful to this project are discussed below. CCM2418 (Digital and Mobile Systems) and CCM2420 Data Communications These both modules are very useful and module which let me know about fundamental communication knowledge .we started with the simple data how it goes through different stage of process and to final point of the information at that level were we want know about web connection level what involves in modulation , demodulation , multiplexing and error checking CCM3415 (Advanced Network Design and Security) and CCM2412 (Network Routing and Protocols) In these both modules were important and necessary because most of the topics we learned were associated to computer networks, and it is contributed a very important role in this project, the areas have taught in these modules includes the fundamental of the network which OSI layer model. And another important area which is protocol on the network that is the set of rule governs the network. This was the whole set of the internet, which is the keen important to largest network CCM3413 (Mobile Internet Applications and Services) This was the module inspired and gave the knowledge to choose this project ,actually i learned the fundamental of the two-tier architecture , WAP technology , PHP , these topics are playing a main role in this project , module given a full scope of the internet and their uses in different device but we mainly focus on the Mobile Internet which inducted me to undertake this Project CCM2426 (Professional Project Development) In this module we learn how to work in group and make it as a team. We all worked together and put all our work in to one piece of report. And we learned business ethics and how to implement them in the real life and we have discussed about computer science ethics which some very important issues in the modern day computer field which includes legal issues, copyrights and piracy theses information areas will be more helpful when we starting the marketing and involved in the business related application then there we have to implement this strategies. In past few years piracy issues are increasing in a very dramatic way due the high speed internet available and this reflected on the computer business and they seeking for legal expect to avoid this kind of problem in future. CCM3422 (Computer Communications Project) This module has take place a major role of this project, according to the principle of Computer Communication Project, it involves in to scheduling and estimating technology Literature Review My project is consisting of many different numbers of components which performs in different step in its construction and completion. To get this project as one working model or product, it has to process through many tasks and topics. And each and every topic in this project are constantly analysis and studied so that all every aspect are fit and work as one whole product . This project are covered from different topics and areas that were research is been taken from many source which includes text books, online materials journals and past projects. Some important resource are used for the research are mentioned below with reviews and definitions. D.Houghand K. Zafar according to their point of view .there is millions of user subscribes to mobile network .these are include everyone from computer executive director to unskilled ordinary labour (Bale Bulb rook). With the benefits of the WAP enable mobile device such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA ) and pager are developed to access the internet right on the mobile device able to access the phone banking , price checking , product purchase or sale , any sport result and much more According to authors E.Evan ,P.Ashworth .the wireless device are increase in dramatic way and number of user to communicate , interact on the move, there is a survey showing that right now there is least One billion wireless are subscribes and soon will be increase to twice the amount now (P.Ashworth and E.Evans ,) There are so many user are subscribe and using the WAP. With help of WAP people are getting the same usual format option as exactly From A personal Computer but these are depends on our convenience and so this will lead to big revolution of the internet in the mobile device and change the traditional way of accessing the internet .Eventually public will notice the real impact of WAP devices how it will change the way of accessing internet and they would know the benefits of using this technology , more user will subscribes to network and it will start to grow on numerous way on a new form of communication because it will start using the new will get start using the new technology and they will reply on the advantage ( Frerrel, ZOO ) In Karli Watsons book (beginning WAP) . When we considering development of the todays communication world some factors are comes first but wireless communication having big impact and revolution over the public and number of users are incredibly increasing at a dramatic amount of subscribing are using and amount of data interchanging in speed at which we access the business and another uses . In less than ten year time it will have a tremendous amount of development from initial level of the internet user from the traditional network But there was a doubt on the factor of reliability and usability of the WAP access, On 2000 Ramsay and Neilson have noted in their book that the WAP is not really functional and popular now but it will be score a good reputation and developed system after 2001.Due to scale of operation grows it will led more difficulties observation. To learning Unified model language (UML) introduce will helps and leads as work along with language focused in this book, the author help to keep the clear view on the UML language and help to protect in the cobwets of methodology . Fred R.Mcfadden and Jeffery A.Hoffer, , are interest on information resource management (IRM) are here to consider as normal way we do with everyday methods ,equipment . in other word the matter of information is a superior component and business resource and must has to treat as other asset such as student , things and etc. Mcload and Brittain , are suggesting the basic ideas of IRM from their point of view According Ian Summervilles book is focused at student who undertaking the project in under graduation and graduate at software engineering. They have least know and done some fundamental engineering course such as programming languages. This book is full of general and basic idea of new update on some important topics such as , dependable system , requirement engineering, and architecture design. Analysis from Literature Review This application is to design to track the Stock Market status report through WAP enable device. The idea of this application is to provide a service for the user to check their desirable company stock rate on the particular date and a response will send back to user using programmed database and techniques. The main purpose for this application was to reducing time, developing the reliability and efficiency of use when comparing with current application or system . According to the Ramsay and Neilson personal view of WAP and they believed that WAP had a very big impact on the todays technology that we been using ever since it introduces of the this system in the market .it had a breakthrough with other opponent technology but it still had better critics along with other technology P.Ashworth, E.Evans were best authors where keen to know about the feature of mobile communication , actually both were intended to show in their book , to tell what is the feature of M-commerce as of from this decades to next decades development opportunities. M-commerce is the combination of the traditional web system and the wireless connection, Farrell were interested in studying the future of WAP technology to access the internet on mobile service and tried to explain the benefits of this system over people to use their mobile device to access the web browser or internet , even as our todays live is becoming more and more difficult by day after day so technology might have to help the problem with changing it same system or service for instance ,internet is access from system which through traditional network but would change it technology and developed into wireless internet that is possible by the WAP technology . But according to Ian Somerville in their book Software Engineering ,they had a new form of ideas to develop and view a project by eight different parts which include an brief intro to software engineering , application designing , coding , validation and verifications , critical systems ,managements and software evaluation .this book also covers the system distribution architecture , and software development .the critical software system in consisted and integrated with the reliability , accessibly , security and availability so these are mentioned as a different topics. Jeffery A. Hoofer and Fred R. McFadden in their book Modern Database Management they were talked about the database in a larger sector how the larger context of information resource are stored and manage in a dedicated database . In other hand Craig mentioning about the life cycle of the software and he says that UML depends on the different life cycle development model i.e. Spiral Model , Incremental Model and finally Waterfall Models , UML is depends upon the object oriented programming paradigm . so I am using one of the best model software life cycle model which Waterfall models. Aims The ultimate aim of this project to create and build a stock market quote that allows the user to quote the stock company and accessing these are all done by selecting appropriate option on the device to have a customer needs. And there will a database is designed for the data to processed from the user and they able to pass their won information. Objectives The objectives in project will be divided into two different informant categories, in each category will further divided into subsection so that each and every phase will be individually discussed and this will lead to achieve a best possible end result of the Final product. Design based objective: Design based objective actually it involved in idea for framework the specified requirement for the user needs. It will really help the consumer and design from business prospect to achieve the best possible result. To build a system following key point must accomplished Modelling the system from requirement specification Implementing the requirement specification of the system using appropriate development tool Of course, testing, evaluation and debugging the protocol against the system requirement. A created database will be use as a model for this project instead using the stock market databases Research based objectives: In order to give up- to- date software or system. We must have to be focus and to certain to changes will happen on the current system in terms in future development and challenges and often happened in the software industry. There are some of important ways for getting the software awareness by following few steps By examining people who using the daily basis and observe main fact toward the stock market assessment involves by taking surveys and feedback on the web pages usability Offering alternative or current option available to stock exchange quote and their mentioning their advantage and drawback. Software Life Cycle and Methodology for the Project Software life cycle which related to our daily life process and it filters all process Over each and every stage in our life. It is pretty commonly known fact that relation pound exits between the product class and process quality is directly equal to the result of the Product is created. The software development is neither inevitable nor efficient to produce good piece of product, but it is also very ease to keep your product as it is. A software life cycle for the project is model used to describe the phase or stage which a software development goes through. there is other way we can also describes a software life cycle models as A software life cycle is vision of the perspective active that happens during software development [REF 5] . These factors were helping us to understand and improve the basic characteristics and activities of the software life cycle The software life cycle is best way to describe overall process involved in the project. Some important processes are described below. Help the project manager to keep the project on the track Describes the basic function that are excepted through the Project to per perform in period of software development Describes the major stage or phase of the software development Provides a general outlook of details tasks so that the we will know the every process involves in software development This Project is development by the waterfall model. Waterfall model is method used for software development process, it goes through serious of precious step by step method and process is looks as like as waterfall .The advantage of using the waterfall modal is we can organized, chronological approach to software develop of our projects than beginning at system level and download to next steps .forward through software development in analysis, testing, coding and management. If the software is developed for large scale system so the effects need established for all system fundamental level and assign some division of particular tasks requirement through of software.. Waterfall Model: Waterfall is commonly used and adopted in software development field. From the Waterfall Model the software development is very simple and straight forward. The software development wills simple as it illustrated diagram and it says that will easier as ever before from any model. actually Waterfall model is designed to develop the software as simple method of order of segments as figure illustrated below, every segments and stage or phase are put into a distinct goals so that the any segments contributed to a software development are achieved successfully. Software Requirement In software development it is vital to gathering requirement of the software and analysis process is very important for a Software based project to build up and focus of the software .In order to know the nature of the program itself to built, one should understand and analysis the requirement of the software and domain need. To gather the requirement we have form and fellow a simple method with some of topic needed to clarify in order to get started this Project. Design software Software designing naturally is a major and complex step process. To achieve a design process successful we have to interpret requirement into representation of the software. There so many reason and factor get the error on the software design. Coding/ Programming The designing software which involves in varies of area to accomplish to form in machine-readable. So code generation is takes place in this step. In this step we actually test the code of our project. System evaluation/Testing Once the coding has done, the testing process begins. In this step it will point out anything on the consist and logical parts of software to make sure which the Given statements are correct and it have been tested. And another important part of test is function external testing and it is carried out to make sure that defined input statement will pass and produces actual result Maintenance Any changes or an error could happen. Once Product has reached the end user that is consumer. so it is important for a software to adopt into the real world use .the conditions of changes might happen on both side of the parties for instance If the consumer would like to change the option available on the current system by any chance. So it is vital for software development to maintain all the option and feature are must to be up-to-date Project Management Project management activities which involves in schedules ,planner, organization and creating tasks and document like Risk plan, SRS, configuration management and software development plan were produced .so for my Project i decides to use Work Breakdown System as project management Work Breakdown System (WBS) WBS is a break down system which is commonly used method in all computer projects to achieve all tasks in the project to produce to one workable system. With help of this sort of methodology which help our project to on the right track. In our case to produce a WAP based system to stock market on the mobile devices. Problem definitions Someone who is travelling or is away from their workplace, it is often not possible to gain access from a fixed internet enabled device. But in home environment we would able to access to internet via the local network . Mobile devices are playing major in todays communication world and it becoming very usual and common thing just seems for time. This seem like without this one might thing like a breakdown in the milestone of the telecommunication in this time. Good thing is almost all of latest mobile phones and devices are embedded with WAP-enable so this encourage the user to use this kind of services and the connection are made device by connecting to server which is provided by the network service provider, so therefore provide a service which keep market users, , who spend a proportion of their typical day in the process of accessing to the stock market and tracking on market , latest informed of stock variation, stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status, current company news profile . The big question is whether, there is a potential large scale need for such type of service by the stock market. Stock market information is not easily available perhaps unless you are make a phone request or log on to the Internet; and while on the move it is often very difficult to get internet access without a WAP enabled mobile phone or PDA. It is quite simple to imagine that technology is backbone of todays modern world, in this technology world the most important rule is played by the Software System. Almost everyone have to come across with the modern technology every day after day. But few technology development have made tremendous implement with presenting a new form of application performance, attached feature and way of interaction between the user and system these systems are really capable of do anything form a low- level basic need like TV remote to highly sophistically and sensitive system like Bank transaction these all designed for one single purpose make life easier. Wired communication systems have as their main disadvantage the lack of mobility; wireless systems have the big advantage of supporting mobility of system use. In this modern world technology are getting even better, not only in technology also in way of communication are now .The development of the mobile internet, mobile devices, applications and the provision of services such as the one proposed here attract considerable attention and effort in these time; there were number of studies and research going to find an efficient mobile internet for mobile phones and other wireless devices One general requirement to ensure that the security of client there are variety of virus and attacker are waiting to corrupt or stole our data from us. So it important to guide the user to access the relevant information easy and rapid. There are two way for safe surf on the mobile internet Allow the user to surf the particular market report on the relevant web site on the micro-browser To allow data streaming to capture the information on the memory User interface is another issue in mobile device, due it small screen it just display very few information in simple manner. Brief product description: It is a client-server based application which will support multi-client. For example: User will input share company the which will be send as a request and the server should respond by sending the real time stock market value of the company share has traded over the previous 40 weeks It should be simple, with a suitable user interface and little user inputs so that the result is obtained the as soon as possible It should also support push services, where certain stockholder will be automatically alerted on their mobile should any changes in the service status occurs. The server should automatically push the information to the specific registered mobile users. Deliverables and Development Requirements To successful completion of the project the following items in list will be given in the final submission A hardcopy of the Project final report A softcopy of the Project final report A Turnitin copy of the document Program code on the CD Software and development requirement used document Development requirement of the system are: MySQL Server Windows Vista Nokia series Application design from user point of view. As stock quote is never easy before computer start to serve the user demand ,as a stock market person has to know the rate of the stock till up to date but these are possible by Internet as simple as single click you would know the value from past record to till now . In the period when the computer are not as personal computer those days the person itself has to find the stock value through Walk-in to the local newsagent to buy NEWS paper or Television or even Radio but this media were not that reliable as todays technology which Internet, computer ,wireless. But technology start to change the way of stock market working from the traditional method. However our aim is to provide a reliable method for a person to access the stock market condition as easy as possible by using it. So we have to design a application which will serve the user need in simple way. to fulfil their need as application designer has to thing generously from user point of view. Some of the questions are strikes Is this application or service are able to served the user needs or it just focus on business prospective. Is the user getting any useful and benefit from the application or web page is been designed. How reliable is this application whether is based on other source or direct information from the stock company User interface is most important part for a application, it must has to be easy to user to use. To design the WAP application we have to gather relevant information or opion from stock holders who really would get benefit from this WAP application as a user. I managed to contact two persons who using the computer to keep to know stock market rate. Their ultimate demand is that interface must has to simple and provide the useful information as simple as possible like simple graph, etc. So the application is designed to help the user so interface has to simple but not to find how to use it, this will leads poor impression on the application. However everyone has different thoughts from thinking of what they want to make them comfortable well i concluded the thoughts of stock market users what do they want the application has to appear and help them to easy way of tracking the current value of the stock market. Ease of use: As a normal user cannot read manual, particularly for some simple service like sending a message, so if they cannot know how to use the application, they get frustrated and tent to leave the application altogether. That means if the application is not fully intuition, then people will get stuck and we might lose them forever. The user will not come to figure out how to get the application to work .Another ease of use factor is the difficulty of getting to a URL. When designing a software for certain purpose where the user could get useful by that. The software itself has to serve the purpose that made up for what .There is major role for design a application how it will become useable by user. However, if the users goal and the applications are not same, there may be a problem. for example user want to know the previous stock market rate and average of the rate by performs of the particular company stock from past fifteen days data report, in order to plan for feature plan and to analysis on the market .And if my application only provide the stock value for the past seven days,in this case the application is not provide the solution to the user demand. To provide the full potential of the application to user by developing or designing the option in the application as simple as possible to obtain the is wanted to use by the user. For instance If user if user is holding stock in five major companies shares ,for him or his Development for an Reliable Internet Service Application Development for an Reliable Internet Service Application Reliable internet service Abstract The ultimate aim of our project is to provide the design and development for an reliable internet service application which workable on the WAP enabled wireless handheld devices like mobile phone, PDA(personal digital assistant) but mobile phone will focused mainly on this. To design a WAP application that will be usable by stock market user to receive and check related information like up-to-date stock value, stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status in the service directly from their mobile devices. This project concern the developing, testing of a WAP based system for wireless handhelds devices like mobile phone to help the stock market user while on the move for instance the user can access to internet even when they travelling from geographical location to another . the idea of this application is to consider one that in principle not only delivering that data which involves in stock market updates and reliable and securely but one will be rapidly aware the user about the market changes in real time without even in the whilst in office or home, whilst we travelling, to the demand form of communication specially whilst o the move The Stock Market system will be based on WAP architecture for mobile devices. This project will demonstrate how practical and possible will it be to use a mobile internet on the mobile phone to check the stock market value for a particular company whilst on the move. The user can have access to know the current price of the stock and it latest information At click of the button without physically present in front of the stock market office or by watching Television at the someplace. The whole project framework is aim on to Create a WAP application which based on a server side application which could be the company to join a venture with the users to input the data to form a given result. And it important to aware of the modern days application is adapted by the user to improve their capabilities. According to the research board of project believe that the user application projects are lead to failure if it not fully obtains the user demands and requirement for particular needs. The possibly good market for such system will be investigated into further develops to refine a set of clients requirement. there will be a good response for such an application in the market which intended on user who has invested a solid amount in bonds , shares and gilts , and these are all designed to make life easier in such a way it enable the use to make decision at particular time to sell and buy stock such time . Introduction Brief Stocks are considered riskier investments ,the value of a stock could at peak and drop down on the rate of the share by every time ,it completely depends on the situation of economy .for instance I am a stockholder having 500 share on a private company. Currently the value of my share is at good rate, and if I want to know what is market value of share with other company .Likewise most of the stock market holder are keen to know the latest information in real time .However it is only possible when the share holder are have a chance to watching news or log on a computer that they would be aware of the situation. Nowadays, most people on the move have at least one mobile device, a mobile phone or a PDA .so why not provides the stock market information as soon as possible directly on these mobile phones? It can be either on a push basis or pull basis .push basis a like a push message it automatically send the latest information to the user whoever subscribe to the push service , in othe r hand pull message where the user have to send a request first to get the required response. Most of the people nowadays are having mobile phone along them which would the user also can access to the internet and other communication uses. Currently the mobile phones are very cheaper and popular in the market when we comparing with other kinds of electronic device However the mobile based stock market tracking system will allow the user to check the latest information of the stock value in the market. There is good market scope for mobile communication due the feasibility and support of the communication at time. And other important of mobile internet is that a user can to be in up-to-date information on necessary thinks needed like weather, flash NEWS, email etc. This would be a viable alternative from traditional fixed internet for PCs and implementation of the mobile internet which is very convenience for us. Like Benjamin Franklin so rightly said, Forewarned is forearmed. So, on consumers point of view, yes, there is a potential need for this application. Moreover, most mobile phone network providers nowadays offer certain amount of free internet browsing on their mobile handsets each month. Users would prefer to use their free offer to check for stock information rather than dialling or texting a phone number, which are usually charged at premium rate, to get that same information. In terms of benefits for the stock exchange company, this will be an improvement of their customer service and keeping up-to-date with new technology. Staffs involved with providing information over the phone for those travellers who still feel at ease with that means, will be able to provide a better quality of service as he or she would not be under so much pressure of dealing with all the calls waiting in the queue. Moreover, staffs at the will fewer enquiries to deal with as commuters will be informed wel l in advance. As author Ben Salter and Alex Michael mentioned.Thirteen per cent of mobile subscribes reported accessing news and information via a mobile browser in June 2004. [REF1] The both author believe that current number of user accessing the mobile internet to browser will increases in feature Relevance to course Modules The product based project are really challengeable to undertake but these are possible and manageable from the modules taught over the degree few of them are very help in understanding the critical part of the project. Some of the important module are helpful to this project are discussed below. CCM2418 (Digital and Mobile Systems) and CCM2420 Data Communications These both modules are very useful and module which let me know about fundamental communication knowledge .we started with the simple data how it goes through different stage of process and to final point of the information at that level were we want know about web connection level what involves in modulation , demodulation , multiplexing and error checking CCM3415 (Advanced Network Design and Security) and CCM2412 (Network Routing and Protocols) In these both modules were important and necessary because most of the topics we learned were associated to computer networks, and it is contributed a very important role in this project, the areas have taught in these modules includes the fundamental of the network which OSI layer model. And another important area which is protocol on the network that is the set of rule governs the network. This was the whole set of the internet, which is the keen important to largest network CCM3413 (Mobile Internet Applications and Services) This was the module inspired and gave the knowledge to choose this project ,actually i learned the fundamental of the two-tier architecture , WAP technology , PHP , these topics are playing a main role in this project , module given a full scope of the internet and their uses in different device but we mainly focus on the Mobile Internet which inducted me to undertake this Project CCM2426 (Professional Project Development) In this module we learn how to work in group and make it as a team. We all worked together and put all our work in to one piece of report. And we learned business ethics and how to implement them in the real life and we have discussed about computer science ethics which some very important issues in the modern day computer field which includes legal issues, copyrights and piracy theses information areas will be more helpful when we starting the marketing and involved in the business related application then there we have to implement this strategies. In past few years piracy issues are increasing in a very dramatic way due the high speed internet available and this reflected on the computer business and they seeking for legal expect to avoid this kind of problem in future. CCM3422 (Computer Communications Project) This module has take place a major role of this project, according to the principle of Computer Communication Project, it involves in to scheduling and estimating technology Literature Review My project is consisting of many different numbers of components which performs in different step in its construction and completion. To get this project as one working model or product, it has to process through many tasks and topics. And each and every topic in this project are constantly analysis and studied so that all every aspect are fit and work as one whole product . This project are covered from different topics and areas that were research is been taken from many source which includes text books, online materials journals and past projects. Some important resource are used for the research are mentioned below with reviews and definitions. D.Houghand K. Zafar according to their point of view .there is millions of user subscribes to mobile network .these are include everyone from computer executive director to unskilled ordinary labour (Bale Bulb rook). With the benefits of the WAP enable mobile device such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA ) and pager are developed to access the internet right on the mobile device able to access the phone banking , price checking , product purchase or sale , any sport result and much more According to authors E.Evan ,P.Ashworth .the wireless device are increase in dramatic way and number of user to communicate , interact on the move, there is a survey showing that right now there is least One billion wireless are subscribes and soon will be increase to twice the amount now (P.Ashworth and E.Evans ,) There are so many user are subscribe and using the WAP. With help of WAP people are getting the same usual format option as exactly From A personal Computer but these are depends on our convenience and so this will lead to big revolution of the internet in the mobile device and change the traditional way of accessing the internet .Eventually public will notice the real impact of WAP devices how it will change the way of accessing internet and they would know the benefits of using this technology , more user will subscribes to network and it will start to grow on numerous way on a new form of communication because it will start using the new will get start using the new technology and they will reply on the advantage ( Frerrel, ZOO ) In Karli Watsons book (beginning WAP) . When we considering development of the todays communication world some factors are comes first but wireless communication having big impact and revolution over the public and number of users are incredibly increasing at a dramatic amount of subscribing are using and amount of data interchanging in speed at which we access the business and another uses . In less than ten year time it will have a tremendous amount of development from initial level of the internet user from the traditional network But there was a doubt on the factor of reliability and usability of the WAP access, On 2000 Ramsay and Neilson have noted in their book that the WAP is not really functional and popular now but it will be score a good reputation and developed system after 2001.Due to scale of operation grows it will led more difficulties observation. To learning Unified model language (UML) introduce will helps and leads as work along with language focused in this book, the author help to keep the clear view on the UML language and help to protect in the cobwets of methodology . Fred R.Mcfadden and Jeffery A.Hoffer, , are interest on information resource management (IRM) are here to consider as normal way we do with everyday methods ,equipment . in other word the matter of information is a superior component and business resource and must has to treat as other asset such as student , things and etc. Mcload and Brittain , are suggesting the basic ideas of IRM from their point of view According Ian Summervilles book is focused at student who undertaking the project in under graduation and graduate at software engineering. They have least know and done some fundamental engineering course such as programming languages. This book is full of general and basic idea of new update on some important topics such as , dependable system , requirement engineering, and architecture design. Analysis from Literature Review This application is to design to track the Stock Market status report through WAP enable device. The idea of this application is to provide a service for the user to check their desirable company stock rate on the particular date and a response will send back to user using programmed database and techniques. The main purpose for this application was to reducing time, developing the reliability and efficiency of use when comparing with current application or system . According to the Ramsay and Neilson personal view of WAP and they believed that WAP had a very big impact on the todays technology that we been using ever since it introduces of the this system in the market .it had a breakthrough with other opponent technology but it still had better critics along with other technology P.Ashworth, E.Evans were best authors where keen to know about the feature of mobile communication , actually both were intended to show in their book , to tell what is the feature of M-commerce as of from this decades to next decades development opportunities. M-commerce is the combination of the traditional web system and the wireless connection, Farrell were interested in studying the future of WAP technology to access the internet on mobile service and tried to explain the benefits of this system over people to use their mobile device to access the web browser or internet , even as our todays live is becoming more and more difficult by day after day so technology might have to help the problem with changing it same system or service for instance ,internet is access from system which through traditional network but would change it technology and developed into wireless internet that is possible by the WAP technology . But according to Ian Somerville in their book Software Engineering ,they had a new form of ideas to develop and view a project by eight different parts which include an brief intro to software engineering , application designing , coding , validation and verifications , critical systems ,managements and software evaluation .this book also covers the system distribution architecture , and software development .the critical software system in consisted and integrated with the reliability , accessibly , security and availability so these are mentioned as a different topics. Jeffery A. Hoofer and Fred R. McFadden in their book Modern Database Management they were talked about the database in a larger sector how the larger context of information resource are stored and manage in a dedicated database . In other hand Craig mentioning about the life cycle of the software and he says that UML depends on the different life cycle development model i.e. Spiral Model , Incremental Model and finally Waterfall Models , UML is depends upon the object oriented programming paradigm . so I am using one of the best model software life cycle model which Waterfall models. Aims The ultimate aim of this project to create and build a stock market quote that allows the user to quote the stock company and accessing these are all done by selecting appropriate option on the device to have a customer needs. And there will a database is designed for the data to processed from the user and they able to pass their won information. Objectives The objectives in project will be divided into two different informant categories, in each category will further divided into subsection so that each and every phase will be individually discussed and this will lead to achieve a best possible end result of the Final product. Design based objective: Design based objective actually it involved in idea for framework the specified requirement for the user needs. It will really help the consumer and design from business prospect to achieve the best possible result. To build a system following key point must accomplished Modelling the system from requirement specification Implementing the requirement specification of the system using appropriate development tool Of course, testing, evaluation and debugging the protocol against the system requirement. A created database will be use as a model for this project instead using the stock market databases Research based objectives: In order to give up- to- date software or system. We must have to be focus and to certain to changes will happen on the current system in terms in future development and challenges and often happened in the software industry. There are some of important ways for getting the software awareness by following few steps By examining people who using the daily basis and observe main fact toward the stock market assessment involves by taking surveys and feedback on the web pages usability Offering alternative or current option available to stock exchange quote and their mentioning their advantage and drawback. Software Life Cycle and Methodology for the Project Software life cycle which related to our daily life process and it filters all process Over each and every stage in our life. It is pretty commonly known fact that relation pound exits between the product class and process quality is directly equal to the result of the Product is created. The software development is neither inevitable nor efficient to produce good piece of product, but it is also very ease to keep your product as it is. A software life cycle for the project is model used to describe the phase or stage which a software development goes through. there is other way we can also describes a software life cycle models as A software life cycle is vision of the perspective active that happens during software development [REF 5] . These factors were helping us to understand and improve the basic characteristics and activities of the software life cycle The software life cycle is best way to describe overall process involved in the project. Some important processes are described below. Help the project manager to keep the project on the track Describes the basic function that are excepted through the Project to per perform in period of software development Describes the major stage or phase of the software development Provides a general outlook of details tasks so that the we will know the every process involves in software development This Project is development by the waterfall model. Waterfall model is method used for software development process, it goes through serious of precious step by step method and process is looks as like as waterfall .The advantage of using the waterfall modal is we can organized, chronological approach to software develop of our projects than beginning at system level and download to next steps .forward through software development in analysis, testing, coding and management. If the software is developed for large scale system so the effects need established for all system fundamental level and assign some division of particular tasks requirement through of software.. Waterfall Model: Waterfall is commonly used and adopted in software development field. From the Waterfall Model the software development is very simple and straight forward. The software development wills simple as it illustrated diagram and it says that will easier as ever before from any model. actually Waterfall model is designed to develop the software as simple method of order of segments as figure illustrated below, every segments and stage or phase are put into a distinct goals so that the any segments contributed to a software development are achieved successfully. Software Requirement In software development it is vital to gathering requirement of the software and analysis process is very important for a Software based project to build up and focus of the software .In order to know the nature of the program itself to built, one should understand and analysis the requirement of the software and domain need. To gather the requirement we have form and fellow a simple method with some of topic needed to clarify in order to get started this Project. Design software Software designing naturally is a major and complex step process. To achieve a design process successful we have to interpret requirement into representation of the software. There so many reason and factor get the error on the software design. Coding/ Programming The designing software which involves in varies of area to accomplish to form in machine-readable. So code generation is takes place in this step. In this step we actually test the code of our project. System evaluation/Testing Once the coding has done, the testing process begins. In this step it will point out anything on the consist and logical parts of software to make sure which the Given statements are correct and it have been tested. And another important part of test is function external testing and it is carried out to make sure that defined input statement will pass and produces actual result Maintenance Any changes or an error could happen. Once Product has reached the end user that is consumer. so it is important for a software to adopt into the real world use .the conditions of changes might happen on both side of the parties for instance If the consumer would like to change the option available on the current system by any chance. So it is vital for software development to maintain all the option and feature are must to be up-to-date Project Management Project management activities which involves in schedules ,planner, organization and creating tasks and document like Risk plan, SRS, configuration management and software development plan were produced .so for my Project i decides to use Work Breakdown System as project management Work Breakdown System (WBS) WBS is a break down system which is commonly used method in all computer projects to achieve all tasks in the project to produce to one workable system. With help of this sort of methodology which help our project to on the right track. In our case to produce a WAP based system to stock market on the mobile devices. Problem definitions Someone who is travelling or is away from their workplace, it is often not possible to gain access from a fixed internet enabled device. But in home environment we would able to access to internet via the local network . Mobile devices are playing major in todays communication world and it becoming very usual and common thing just seems for time. This seem like without this one might thing like a breakdown in the milestone of the telecommunication in this time. Good thing is almost all of latest mobile phones and devices are embedded with WAP-enable so this encourage the user to use this kind of services and the connection are made device by connecting to server which is provided by the network service provider, so therefore provide a service which keep market users, , who spend a proportion of their typical day in the process of accessing to the stock market and tracking on market , latest informed of stock variation, stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status, current company news profile . The big question is whether, there is a potential large scale need for such type of service by the stock market. Stock market information is not easily available perhaps unless you are make a phone request or log on to the Internet; and while on the move it is often very difficult to get internet access without a WAP enabled mobile phone or PDA. It is quite simple to imagine that technology is backbone of todays modern world, in this technology world the most important rule is played by the Software System. Almost everyone have to come across with the modern technology every day after day. But few technology development have made tremendous implement with presenting a new form of application performance, attached feature and way of interaction between the user and system these systems are really capable of do anything form a low- level basic need like TV remote to highly sophistically and sensitive system like Bank transaction these all designed for one single purpose make life easier. Wired communication systems have as their main disadvantage the lack of mobility; wireless systems have the big advantage of supporting mobility of system use. In this modern world technology are getting even better, not only in technology also in way of communication are now .The development of the mobile internet, mobile devices, applications and the provision of services such as the one proposed here attract considerable attention and effort in these time; there were number of studies and research going to find an efficient mobile internet for mobile phones and other wireless devices One general requirement to ensure that the security of client there are variety of virus and attacker are waiting to corrupt or stole our data from us. So it important to guide the user to access the relevant information easy and rapid. There are two way for safe surf on the mobile internet Allow the user to surf the particular market report on the relevant web site on the micro-browser To allow data streaming to capture the information on the memory User interface is another issue in mobile device, due it small screen it just display very few information in simple manner. Brief product description: It is a client-server based application which will support multi-client. For example: User will input share company the which will be send as a request and the server should respond by sending the real time stock market value of the company share has traded over the previous 40 weeks It should be simple, with a suitable user interface and little user inputs so that the result is obtained the as soon as possible It should also support push services, where certain stockholder will be automatically alerted on their mobile should any changes in the service status occurs. The server should automatically push the information to the specific registered mobile users. Deliverables and Development Requirements To successful completion of the project the following items in list will be given in the final submission A hardcopy of the Project final report A softcopy of the Project final report A Turnitin copy of the document Program code on the CD Software and development requirement used document Development requirement of the system are: MySQL Server Windows Vista Nokia series Application design from user point of view. As stock quote is never easy before computer start to serve the user demand ,as a stock market person has to know the rate of the stock till up to date but these are possible by Internet as simple as single click you would know the value from past record to till now . In the period when the computer are not as personal computer those days the person itself has to find the stock value through Walk-in to the local newsagent to buy NEWS paper or Television or even Radio but this media were not that reliable as todays technology which Internet, computer ,wireless. But technology start to change the way of stock market working from the traditional method. However our aim is to provide a reliable method for a person to access the stock market condition as easy as possible by using it. So we have to design a application which will serve the user need in simple way. to fulfil their need as application designer has to thing generously from user point of view. Some of the questions are strikes Is this application or service are able to served the user needs or it just focus on business prospective. Is the user getting any useful and benefit from the application or web page is been designed. How reliable is this application whether is based on other source or direct information from the stock company User interface is most important part for a application, it must has to be easy to user to use. To design the WAP application we have to gather relevant information or opion from stock holders who really would get benefit from this WAP application as a user. I managed to contact two persons who using the computer to keep to know stock market rate. Their ultimate demand is that interface must has to simple and provide the useful information as simple as possible like simple graph, etc. So the application is designed to help the user so interface has to simple but not to find how to use it, this will leads poor impression on the application. However everyone has different thoughts from thinking of what they want to make them comfortable well i concluded the thoughts of stock market users what do they want the application has to appear and help them to easy way of tracking the current value of the stock market. Ease of use: As a normal user cannot read manual, particularly for some simple service like sending a message, so if they cannot know how to use the application, they get frustrated and tent to leave the application altogether. That means if the application is not fully intuition, then people will get stuck and we might lose them forever. The user will not come to figure out how to get the application to work .Another ease of use factor is the difficulty of getting to a URL. When designing a software for certain purpose where the user could get useful by that. The software itself has to serve the purpose that made up for what .There is major role for design a application how it will become useable by user. However, if the users goal and the applications are not same, there may be a problem. for example user want to know the previous stock market rate and average of the rate by performs of the particular company stock from past fifteen days data report, in order to plan for feature plan and to analysis on the market .And if my application only provide the stock value for the past seven days,in this case the application is not provide the solution to the user demand. To provide the full potential of the application to user by developing or designing the option in the application as simple as possible to obtain the is wanted to use by the user. For instance If user if user is holding stock in five major companies shares ,for him or his